An Understanding About Autism And Schizophrenia Essay

You may think that autism is a disorder that was recently discovered. Yet, it has been around for decades, it is only now that there is more knowledge about the condition. There are documented researches, articles, and journals that come across different aspects of autism. Recently I have decided to do my own investigation because I too have a brother who is autistic. I have noticed that this condition is interpreted as a whole but there are more categories that fall into it. My goal in this paper is to give you more of an understanding about autism along with its history, characteristics, and experiences from others. Historical Context Since the early nineteenth century, Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist was the first to use the term autism to identify schizophrenic patients. Autism and schizophrenia correlated in the minds of doctors and psychologists for many years until they started differentiating them. A German scientist named Hans Asperger describes a milder form of autism now known as Asperger s Syndrome (Sole-Smith). The cases he reported were all boys who were highly intelligent but had trouble with social interactions and specific obsessive interests (Sole-Smith). The word autism is rooted from the Greek word aulos, describing people who are socially impaired with an emotional barrier. According to Autism,† Gale states, According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of 2012, about 1 in 68 out of 1,000 children were diagnosed withShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of Mental Illness750 Words   |  3 PagesMarquiel Dodson 12/10/15 Psychology 201 Dr. Streeter Final Exam I enjoyed every bit of this Introduction to Psychology class. I put together many things about myself and my own life that I didn’t notice before. Now that I have been introduced to the realm of psychology I have a much better understanding of the reasons of behavior that is around me every day. During this semester in Psychology 201 one very interesting thing we covered was The Myth of Mental Illness by Thomas Szasz. In this bookRead MoreInformational Essay on Autism598 Words   |  3 PagesAutism About 1 percent of the world population has autism spectrum disorder. (CDC, 2014) Autism is the fastest growing developmental disability. Autism is defined by a certain set of behaviors and is a spectrum disorder that effects individuals differently. Autism is a serious and lifelong developmental disability. On its own, autism is not a learning disability or a mental health problem. To go further back into history, autism was first recognized in the early years of the 20th century byRead MoreAutism : The Rise Of Autism962 Words   |  4 Pages Autism awareness Parents try their best to keep their children from getting hurt or sick, but no matter how hard they try, sometimes something will always go wrong. 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This developmental di sorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, isRead MoreThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more1000 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more extensive diagnostic bracket called autism spectrum disorder. This encompasses a range of autism-related disorders that vary in severity. It is one of the most severe, chronic, behavioral disorders of childhood. Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler referred to autistic disorder as an unusual way of thinking among people with schizophrenia. A more in-depth explanation of autistic thinking is the propensity to viewRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1493 Words   |  6 Pagesobsessive compulsive disorder and many more. Diagnosing autism does not include medical test but instead a team of physiologists and physicians observe the child during an autism-specific behavior evaluations and in some cases gen etic testing is needed. The exact cause of autism is still unknown although there are many factors that play a role in it for example mother’s weight, teratogens and genetics. There is prenatal diagnosis of autism known as chromosomal microarray (CMA), the technology detectsRead MoreProblems Surrounding Schizophrenia1497 Words   |  6 PagesProblems Surrounding Schizophrenia Believe it or not, schizophrenia is a serious mental problem that has been around for much longer than most people tend to think. Most professionals are certain that schizophrenia is a disease process that takes place within the brain and that the disease is, in fact, influenced greatly by certain life experiences(Anderson 80). The one significant problem surrounding schizophrenia is that no one is absolutely positive as to what causes schizophrenia and of how itRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Adhd )816 Words   |  4 Pageson the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), who have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, Sensory Processing Disorder, or Central Auditory Processing Disorder. These children wanted to make a video to tell teachers about how their brain works. It makes clear that not all students learn alike. A teacher may think that a child is misbehaving if the child is leaning back and forth on their chair, but little do they know that i s how they concentrate. Learning about AutismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1042 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neural development disorders characterized by patterns of demeanor. This disorder causes difficulties with social, communication and behavior challenges. There are developmental resources that help identify children with ASD at a very early age. 1 in every 88th child will be diagnosed with this disorder. On average, boys are five times more predisposed to have autism than girls. There is no scientific test can be used to test out someone who willRead MoreA Brief History of Autism Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe term autism was first used by psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1908. He used it to describe one of his patients that had schizophrenia. He used it to describe his patient who had withdrawn into his own world. The pioneers of the study of ASDs were Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger. They both worked separately and studied different children. In their research, both of their studies showed that the children that they were studying showed similar characteristics. Both Kanner’s and Asperger’s children had

Overview Of Sport Injury Types Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(316) " bone has been twisted Compact Fracture: Bone fragments are driven into each other All types of breaks should be treated by a medical professional where an X ray can be taken and the extent of the hurt can be assessed which from this point will originate start of the healing procedure aided by a medical procedure\." For this subdivision of my portfolio I am traveling to cover hurts in athletics and choose a specific hurt to reason an in-depth survey on how it the hurt was sustained, how it can be treated in add-on to taking stairss to forestall a return of the hurt. Within featuring engagement there are many hurts that can happen of which can be classified into major and minor hurts. Additionally within these to classs there are legion hurts sustained through impact, pulling and nonvoluntary motions. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview Of Sport Injury Types Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Minor hurts are really common in featuring activities in peculiar those affecting physical contact such as Rugby and Football. These peculiar hurts are associated with being minor as the damaged caused is really little and chiefly necessitate really small or no intervention at all due to the natural healing procedure of the organic structure. Some extremely common illustrations of minor hurts in athletics are cuts, abraises and contusions. Cuts: A cut is referred to as a split in the surface of the tegument normally by crisp object with some being more serious than others. A little cut will non perforate through the whole proportion of tegument and will normally scab over as a consequence of the organic structures natural mending mechanisms. In comparing a deeper more acute cut can be significantly unsafe as constructions below the surface of the tegument such as nervousnesss, sinews and blood vass can be damaged. However despite the difference between the two cuts are prone to infection and at hazard of been extremely contaminated, therefore it is extremely recommended that all cuts are treated the same by rinsing it out and covering it with first assistance equipment such as a plaster to cut down the hazard of little fragments of soil acquiring indoors. An illustration during a sporting activity when a cut is likely to happen would be during the athletics of Rugby when a ruck/mall is go oning and participants on the land may be by chance stamped on by the he-man of a rugby boot doing a cut and the expel of blood. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/cuts-and-grazes/Pages/Introduction.aspx Bruises: A contusion normally occurs as a consequence of harm to muscle tissue underneath the teguments surface in which capillaries, venulas and arterias are damaged due to a sudden impact. This harm causes internal hemorrhage to distribute into countries environing the tissue as a consequence of physical compaction from the blood vass into the musculus tissue and top beds of the teguments surface which causes a seeable dull ruddy and violet coloring material beneath the tegument which is accompanied by stamp hurting. The alterations in coloring material of the contusions initiates that the healing of the accomplished country is taking topographic point by rhenium adsorbing the blood. Finally after an approximative two hebdomad period the contusion will vanish. It is possible for everybody to prolong a contusion but single differences within people determine the consequence of the contusion and how easy it is healed. For a athleticss performing artist there musculus tissue is strong er comparison to person who doesn amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t participate in athletics significance that it would be more hard to damage the connective tissue. Prevention of contusions is about an inevitable factor from an impact apart from have oning protective vesture, nevertheless the mending procedure can be sped up utilizing simple first assistance techniques. Using an ice battalion will cut down the swelling around the damaged country and cut down the blood flow which will cut down the sum of blood throw outing from the tissue. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/cuts-and-grazes/Pages/Introduction.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/bruises/article.htm Major Injuries Unlike minor hurts, major hurts sustained can hold really serious damaging effects and in some really terrible instances can even take to human death. The hurts frequently cause assorted damage to normal bodily maps and necessitate important degrees of intervention in order for the healing procedure to be effectual. Engagement in athletics particularly those affecting physical contact increase the likeliness of major hurts happening and can consequence many parts of the organic structure. Bone Fractures: A bone break is classed as a medical status that causes a interruption in the continuity of the bone as a consequence of high impact or forceful emphasis and force per unit area. However bone upsets such as osteoporosis can take to a weakening of the bone doing them prone to breaks which can be a consequence of overexploitation of the joint in athleticss such as golf and tennis. Common breaks are recognised as either being an unfastened or closed break. An closed and simple break are those which do no perforate a proportion of the tegument and due to the fact there is no hazard of infection immediate intervention International Relations and Security Network A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t necessary nevertheless professional advice and intervention will be mandatory. In add-on closed breaks can detrimental if the affected country is moved one time the hurt is sustained ensuing in possible damaged tissue. Closed breaks will be accompanied by a stain and swelling. On the othe rhand an unfastened and compound break is a interruption of the bone that does perforate the tegument. Open breaks are at a much greater hazard because they are at high hazard of taint, hence has to be treated instantly by cleaning the lesion exhaustively taking soil and so antibiotic aswell as surgical intervention will follow. Additionally a minor break compared to an unfastened and closed is recognised as a multi-fragmentary break where a splitting of the bone occurs into legion pieces. The followers are other bone breaks that can be a consequence of a clean hurt: Complete Fracture: Bone fragments wholly separate Incomplete Fracture: Bone fragments are still partly joined Linear Fracture: Fracture is parallel to original bone axis Cross Fracture: Right angle break from the bone axis Oblique Fracture: Diagonal break from the castanetss axis Coiling Fracture: At least one portion of the bone has been twisted Compact Fracture: Bone fragments are driven into each other All types of breaks should be treated by a medical professional where an X ray can be taken and the extent of the hurt can be assessed which from this point will originate start of the healing procedure aided by a medical procedure. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-closed-fracture.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture Concussion: Concussion is the most common result as a consequence of a encephalon hurt normally happening from an impact sustained to an country of the caput and can even be life endangering in really terrible instances. A mild instance of concussion will ensue in a province of shock and being unconscious for a brief period of clip. However a terrible instance of concussion involves a drawn-out period in being unconscious and returning to a normal province. This impermanent intervention of the encephalons map can consequence memory, opinion, balance and coordination. Concussion can happen easy within a athletics such as a clang of caputs during a football game. An impact hurt to the encephalon can do contusing which will take to the lacrimation of blood vass and damaged to nervousnesss doing abnormalcy in the map of the encephalon. The braincase which surrounds the encephalon comes into contact with fast acceleration of the encephalon taking to concussion. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emedicinehealth.com/concussion/article_em.htm Muscular Injuries: Injuries to the musculuss can be really painful and can forestall performing artists from taking portion in physical activity for a drawn-out period of clip. Common muscular hurts in athleticss performing artists are musculus strains that can be a consequence of an uneffective warm up or an overstretch whereby harm is sustained to the musculus and attaching sinews. Muscle harm can be a tear of portion or all musculus fibers and the sinews attached to the musculus which can besides take blood vass being damaged which consequences in bruising and hurting caused by the annoyance on nervus terminations. A musculus strain will consequence athleticss performing artists in different ways such how strong and flexible the musculus is, therefore are less common in gymnasts compared to Rugby participants. Common symptoms originating from a musculus strain are ; swelling of the effectual country, inability to travel the musculus to its full potency and hurting in that country. For a athleticss performing artist it is imperative that a musculus hurt is treated right as the damaged musculus are likely to be used once more in featuring engagement when recovered. Ensure that the period of clip out of athletics is long plenty to mend and so strength preparation exercisings are carried out to re-build the musculus. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emedicinehealth.com/muscle_strain/article_em.htm Muscle spasm occurs as a consequence of musculus weariness in voluntary musculuss which is closely associated with a cramp that occur in nonvoluntary musculuss. Voluntary motion is what a person can consciously command such as motion when running leting for the musculus to contract and relax. However when a spasm occurs the musculus contracts but doesn A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t return back to its original relaxed province doing an intense hurting and can happen from between a few seconds to a one-fourth or an hr before it is eventually alleviated. Muscle spasm occurs when a performing artist is working at high strength exercising for a long continuance in which they use of the aerophilic system is no longer equal and hence the lactic acid energy system must be used. Stored ATP ( adenosine tri phosphate ) is the lone useable energy beginning in the organic structure and is provided by Glycogen. The animal starch is broken down by an enzyme known as phosphofrukto kinase into pyruvic a cid, nevertheless because the proportion of C dioxide compared to oxygen in the musculuss it is broken down into lactic acid. As the high strength exercising is sustained OBLA ( oncoming of blood lactate accretion ) occurs where the physique of lactic acid is greater than the remotion. Due to the sourness in the musculus the map of the enzymes to breakdown lactic acid Don A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t function decently and the remotion is less efficient. This can take to lactic acid toxic condition. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm Ligament Injuries: The most common but less annihilating ligament hurt is a musculus sprain. A sprain is an hurt to the strong hempen tissue that connects bone to cram known as a ligament which involves pulling and the lacrimation of tissue. Sprains are really common in delicate countries such as the mortise joint and carpus when a batch of force per unit area applied by the mass of your organic structure onto that ligament when normally falling over. Symptoms of a sprain are common to those of a hurt to a musculus with induced hurting, swelling, bruising and the inability to travel and map adequately. hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/injuries/a/sprains.htm Rice: Rest Ice Compression Elevation is an extra first assistance technique that can be applied for intervention and mending procedure of the hurt. When an hurt occurs to a damaged country in can ensue in puffiness, contusion or shed blooding doing the country to go inflamed. Using the four constituents of RICE and cut down swelling, alleviate pigment and protect damaged musculus tissue which in combination with each other will rush up the healing procedure. Remainder: There two really important grounds for a remainder period after an hurt has been sustained. Firstly it is indispensable that any harm to muscle tissue, ligaments or sinews are kept protected by restricting motion around that country which will cut down the hazard of any possible farther harm happening. Second for the healing procedure to happen efficaciously, the organic structure needs to bring forth certain sums of energy and minerals which would otherwise be used up during exercising. Ice: An ice battalion should be applied to the injured country with force which can be done by wrapping a towel around the ice battalion to keep force per unit area. The cold can supply impermanent alleviation of hurting in add-on to cut downing the swelling as the rate of blood flow is reduced intending less blood is traveling to the accomplished country. However considerations need to take topographic point when using a cold compress as a drawn-out exposure to the cold can take to damage to the tegument therefore is recommended 15-20 proceedingss three times a twenty-four hours. Compaction: Similar to the usage of ice, compacting the accomplished country can cut down the swelling around the hurt which can re direct the blood off from the country. A simple compress can be using a patch nevertheless should non be applied to tightly as this can do other deductions. Elevation: Again lift of the affected country can cut down swelling as the blood flows off from injured tissue which is really effectual if the country can be raised above the degree of the bosom. An hurt to an mortise joint can be elevated by puting the pes on pillows. Many minor hurts such as musculus sains and strains will normally retrieve after a few yearss of using the RICE technique. Once recovered it may so be necessary for an person to hold physical therapy where visible radiation rub downing can help in the formation of tissue hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/rehab/a/rice.htm How to cite Overview Of Sport Injury Types Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Regime Design Matters Essay Example For Students

Regime Design Matters Essay Too many people assume, generally without having given any serious thought to its character or its history, that international law is and always has been a sham. Others seem to think that it is a force with inherent strength of its own Whether the cynic or sciolist is the less helpful is hard to say, but both of them make the same mistake. They both assume that international law is a subject on which anyone can form his opinions intuitively, without taking the trouble, as one has to do with other subjects, to inquire into the relevant facts. —J. L. Brierly Regime design matters.1 International treaties and regimes have value if and only if they cause people to do things they would not otherwise do. Govern ments spend considerable resources and effort drafting and refining treaty language with the (at least nominal) aim of making treaty compliance and effectiveness more likely. This article demonstrates that whether a treaty elicits compliance or other desired behavioral changes depends upon identifiable characteristics of the regime’s compliance systems.2 As negotiators incorporate certain rules into a regime and exclude others, they are making choices that have crucial implications for whether or not actors will comply. For decades, nations have negotiated treaties with simultaneous hope that those treaties would produce better collective outcomes and skepticism about   the ability to influence the way governments or individuals act. Both lawyers and political scientists have theorized about how international legal regimes ca n influence behavior and why they often do not.3 Interest in issues of compliance and verification has a long history in the field of nuclear arms control.4 More recently, this interest in empirically evaluating how interna tional institutions, regimes, and treaties induce compliance and influence behavior has broadened to include other security areas as well as international trade and finance.5 Concern over the fate of the earth’s environment recently has prompted a further extension into questions of whether and how environ mental treaties can be made more effective at eliciting compliance and achieving their goals.6 Researchers in all these issue-areas face two critical questions. First, given that power and interests play important roles in determining behavior at the international level, is any of the compliance we observe with international treaties the result of the treaty’s influence? Second, if treaties and regimes can alter behavior, what strategies can those who negotiate and design regimes use to elicit the greatest possible compliance? This article addresses both these questions by empirically evaluating the international regime controlling inten tional oil pollution. Numerous efforts to increase the regime’s initially low levels of compliance provide data for comparing the different strategies for eliciting compliance within a common context that holds many important   explanatory variables constant. The goal of the treaties underlying this regime has been to reduce intentional discharges of waste oil by tankers after they deliver their cargoes. Since the late 1970s, these treaties have established two quite different compliance syst ems, or â€Å"subrcgimcs,† to accomplish this goal. One has prohibited tanker operators from discharging oil in excess of specified limits. The other has required tanker owners to install expensive pollution reduction equipment by specified dates. Treaty parties viewed both subregimes as equally legitimate and equally binding.7 The two subregimes regulated similar behavior by the same nations and tankers over the same time period. The absence of differences in power and interests would suggest that compliance levels with the two subrcgimcs would be quite similar.8 According to collective action theory, these cases are among the least likely to provide support for the hypothesis that regime design matters: subregime provisions required the powerful and concentrated oil industry to incur large pollution control costs to provide diffuse benefits to the public at large.9 Indeed, the lower cost of complying with discharge limits would suggest that compliance would be higher with those limits than with equipment requirements. Not surprisingly, violations of the limits on discharges have occurred frequently, attesting to the ongoing incentives to violate the agreement and confirming the characterization of oil pollution as a difficul t collaboration problem.10 A puzzle arises, however, from the fact that contrary to expectation compliance has been all but universal with requirements to install expensive equipment that provided no economic benefits. Consideration while designing EssayA study of â€Å"treaty compliance† would aggregate violation of one provision with compliance with another, losing valuable empirical information.17 Restricting study to the explicit rules in a treaty-based regime allows the analyst to distinguish compliance from noncom pliance in clear and replicable ways. Obviously, a focus on explicit rules ignores other potential mechanisms of regime influence, such as norms, principles, and   processes of knowledge creation.18 However, this restrictive definition has the virtue of bringing the debate to a level at which research on actual treaties and actual compliance can contribute to the intellectual and policy debates. This article evaluates the features of a regime that may determine compli ance by differentiating among three parts of any compliance system: a primary rule system, a compliance information system, and a noncompliance response system. The primary rule system consists of the actors , rules, and processes related to the behavior that is the substantive target of the regime. In the choice of who gets regulated and how, the primary rule system determines the pressures and incentives for compliance and violation. The compliance information system consists of the actors, rules, and processes that collect, analyze, and disseminate information on instances of violations and compli ance. Self-reporting, independent monitoring, data analysis, and publishing comprise the compliance information system that determines the amount, quality, and uses made of data on compliance and enforcement. The noncom pliance response system consists of the actors, rules, and processes governing the formal and informal responses—the inducements and sanctions employed to induce those in noncompliance to comply. The noncompliance response system determines the type, likelihood, magnitude, and appropriate ness of responses to noncompliancc. These categories provide the framework used in the remainder of this article to evaluate the oil pollution regime’s sources of success and failure in its attempt to elicit compliance.